The Kawasaki disease

The Kawasaki unhealthinessKawasaki ailment is an intense systemic paediatric vasculitis ailment that is seen parkly in childhood. Kawasaki indisposition is genius of the most putting surface heart diseases. It is the inflammatory dis align but the aetiology of Kawasasaki disease is unknown. It world-class appe ard in 1967 by report of Tomisaku Kawasaki who was a Japanese paediatrician. He in like manner c notwithstandinged Kawasaki disease as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. at that place is no symbolatic test at that placefore, doctors be using the clinical criteria that were proposed by Dr. Kawasaki 45 historic period ago to diagnose the Kawasaki disease. on that point atomic return 18 many different diagnosing of Kawasaki disease such as viral infections, genetic predisposition or environmental factor ins. Many look for proposed that Kawasaki disease is an infectious disease that whitethorn be cause by Epstein-Barr virus, measles, adenovirus, enterovirus. H owever, there is no confirmed evidence. Usually, KD gage prime much in Japanese society but it pass off expand to western countries and the incidence of KD in western countries ar increase dramatically. in that respect be typical prognostics that mountain be seen in KD such as judicious, oedema, and mucosal membrane changes. But there ar to a greater extent symptoms that ar submitd which are non typically embed from every KD patients. Therefore, it is grievous to diagnosing patients if they curb KD or not. The discourse of KD is different depends on if patients are complete or neither KD and besides, the susceptibility of IVIG provide make dish protrudement different along patients. The etiology is not certain but there are several researches shown that KD is ca employ by infectious agents, genetic factors, or tolerant system disorder.Current knowledge on the subjectThere are several symptoms that earth-closet be lay down in patients with Kawasaki dise ase. When patients confuse more(prenominal) than 5 days of fever for more than 38C and have more than 4 symptoms such as bilateral nonexudative conjunctival injection, polymorphous exanthem, nonvesicular rash, strawberry tongue, edema of hands and feet, bilateral non-suppurative cervical lymphadenopathy, and mucosal membrane changes, patients exit diagnosis as KD. Kawasaki disease can be divided into complete Kawasaki disease and incomplete or atypical Kawasaki disease depending on the number of symptom that are present in the patient. When patients have more than four symptoms or have reared coronary thrombosis arteria abnormality, patients get out be diagnosed as complete Kawasaki disease. In contrast, patients who have little than four of the diagnostic criteria and sleek over experience coronary arterial blood vessel abnormality is diagnosed as atypical or incomplete KD. Because of the cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown, diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in infants are v ery challenging. Kawasaki disease can be divided into deuce-ace physiques. First, from one week to two weeks from bombardment is called acute phase. Typical symptoms are highly febrile, irritable and the fever approaches more than 39 Celsius. Oral changes occurs and as well as rash can be ensnare in perineal area. Secondly, from two to 8 weeks from onset is called subacute phase. In this phase, fever start to diminish tardily and the perineal area, soles, and periungual areas start to peel off. Lastly, from months to days from onset, it is called convalescent phase. In this phase, lab value gets normal but there may be trying consequences. For example, patients who had aneurysms may continuously have, for rest of their life, persistent cardiac dysfunction, or myocardial infarction.Coronary arterial blood vessel aneurysm can be highly found in incomplete Kawasaki disease patients. It is defined as coronary dilation that the diameter of coronary vessel gets enlarged 1.5 fo lds. It can be diagnosed by angiographically and it is similar to patients with coronary artery disease. The end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume, and ejection fraction levels are not normal and the left ventricular contraction is not normal. The coronary artery aneurysms are mostly caused by atherosclerosis.There are several associated symptoms that can be seen in Kawasaki patients. Diarrhea and abdominal pain and patients may develop arthritis. Also, myocardial dysfunction can be found in ahead of time phase of Kawasaki disease such as pancarditis which is the inflammation of all three layers of heart. An wee(a) symptom is periarteritis nodosa which is disease in connective tissue that is jam by nodules in arteries thereby causing rail line to not say properly. When Kawasaki disease shows periarteritis nodosa, other symptoms cannot be found.Kawasaki disease can be diagnosis by physical exam but also it can be diagnose by laboratory exam and imaging technique. First , complete contrast count test should be performed to look at the hail of clean-living blood cell in blood. Complete blood count is the counting of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelet. The number of white blood cell increased to more than 15,000. Also, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C- moveive protein increase. aft(prenominal) 2 weeks from onset of disease, the platelets level dramatically increases up to 1 to 2*106. There are other abnormalities such as sterile pyuria, increases of hepatic aminotransferases, hypoalbuminemia. In patients who have KD leave behind have higher level of transaminase than normal person. Also, they go out have higher level of ALAT and GGT than other patients who have other febrile diseases. When ALAT level increases, it exit lead to coronary artery disease. Research proposed that almost 50% of incomplete KD patients had pyuria in bladder urine. Pyuria can cause different diseases depends on where it is. When pyuria is in blad der, it can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis but when it is in voided urine, it will cause urethral inflammation. Another symptom to diagnosis incomplete KD is to look at acute anterior uveitis by and by the onset. Patients who have anterior uveitis do not have pain, photophobia, nor visual impairment. By using ophthalmological evaluation, it can detect if patients have different disease which have similar symptoms with anterior uveitis. One of the research in 2006 showed that there were 40% of KD patients had hyponatromia. It is caused by preposterous hormone secretion by cerebral vasculitis, dehydration, or tubular dysfuction. It is hard to diagnosis KD since there is no diagnosis test. To treat incomplete KD, the dogma clinical criteria should be renewed in order not to miss out some patients who did not have principle symptoms. By missing out patients will develop severe other diseases and will not be able to give proper interpositions.KD also can be found out by using ima ging technique. At acute phase, chest x-ray or echocardiography (ECG) are used to look at heart problem. Patients may develop coronary artery abnormalities in acute phase and this can be showed by ECG. When patients are very severe, heart specialists sometimes use single photon emission computed tomography to look into blood stream of patients. SPECT will provide an image in 3D by using gamma rays.EpidemiologyKawasaki disease is new disease that is preponderantly found among Asian children1,2,3. It was first found in Japan by Dr.Kawasaki in 1961. In early 1970s, Pathologist Eunice Larson and Benjamin Landing at Los Angeles recognized it as a new disease. Still today, there is no evidence of how Kawasaki disease emerged but some researchers proposed that Kawasaki disease emerged from Japan and counterpane to Western countries finished Hawaii after World War II. Kawasaki disease was nationwide epidemics but now it is more likely a regional outbreak. The mean annual incidence rate is different in revolution of countries and districts3. There are 90 to 112 per 100,000 in Japan, 8.0 to 47.7 per lakh in US, and 3.6 to 3.7 per 100000 in the United Kingdom and Australia for children who are less than 5 years old. Research in China indicates that the incidence rate is 18.2 to 18.6 per 1000003. The statistics shows that Japan preponderantly has highest incidence rate among Asian. Kawasaki disease can be found unremarkably in males than females and the re trace rate is less than 1%3. The incidence of Kawasaki disease has been increase annually. In 2000, the incidence rate was 73.7 per 100000 but in 2002, the number of point increased to 95.5 per 1000003.There are relationships between mollify and occurrence of Kawasaki disease3. But there are variations among different countries. From Japanese reports, there were more patients in winter but in American data shows that patients will develop KD more in the spring and winter. For female the occurrence appeared to be high in March, and highest in July. For boys, the highest occurrence rate was in whitethorn and the lowest occurrence rate was in February. As the research indicated, the season and climates have relationship with the susceptibility to Kawasaki disease3.GeneticsPatients with Kawasaki disease may develop coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) if patients are not treated early. Usually patients are treated with high amounts of intravenous gamma-globulin (IVGG) as well as acetylsalicylic acid which are used to shrivel the possibility of developing CAAs2. However, 10-20% of Kawasaki patients do not result to induced intravenous gamma-globulin. Coronary artery abnormality will develop more frequently to patients who are not doing well to IVGG than patients who respond well to IVGG. Recent research reported that intercellular substance metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is involved in formation of CAA in acute phase of Kawasaki disease patients2. From research, the level of MMP-9 in blood serum who have Kawasaki disease have much higher than serum from children who does not have KD and patients who have other kinds of febrile diseases2. Using MMP-9 inhibitors magnate prevent the formation of CAA. However, MMP-9 inhibitors are not used clinically. MMP-9 is endopeptidase that depends on atomic number 30 that has zinc at the active site. MMP-9 have major fiber in tissue remodelling of extracellular membrane (ECM) 2. It can be seen in cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, plaque destabilization of atherosclerotic lesion. The mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( friend) inhibitors is involve with the bind zinc to the active site and stabilize by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic fundamental interactions in the active site. The ACE inhibitor can inhibit the activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2, which have major role in neointimal formation and angiogenesis. The effect of the ACE inhibitor on MMP-9 can be ginmill by using captopril to the enzyme2.Involvement of the immune systemFrom the studies by Satoshi Sato, Kawasaki disease is commonly found from patients who are jr. than 5 years old1. The average age of occurrence of this disease is 2 years. Kawasaki disease does not occur frequently from children who is less than 6 months and can hardly find patients who are less than 3 months1. Kawasaki disease usually does not occur for openhandeds who have immunity to common infectious disease. This result explains that children are more susceptible to Kawasaki disease because they aptitude not produced antibodies to common infectious viruses, and bacteria1. Mannose bind lectin (MBL) is an important component of the ingrained immunity and is a reactant for hepatic origin which can bind to duple lectin domains1. MBL has very important role in complement activation and opsonization. balance activation refers to as the biochemical activity that helps to get rid of pathogen from wildcat and opsonization have similar activity to complement activa tion that plays role of pathogens to get rid of the organism by ingestion and destruction by phagocyte1. It is usually found in bacterial cells, fungus cells, and viruses. It has repeating pattern of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine sugar. There are three single polymorphisms in chromosome 10 for MBL gene at codon 52 (CGT to TCT), codon 54 (GGC to GAC), and codon 57 (GGA to GAA). This mutation will lead to reducing of the level of MBL immersion but polymorphism of the promoter region of MBL will lead to increase the level of MBL concentration in the serum1. When the base changes from genus Glycine to aspartic acid in codon 54, it will distract the interaction between MBL and MBL-associated serine protease. The interaction between MBL and MBL-associated serine protease defend against infection when patients are young. But when patients set out older, the interaction of these two molecules will not have impact on the innate immunity1. Because, the patients will develop the mature lym phocytes and immunoglobulins and they will engulf the invaded pathogen. Therefore, this research proposes the susceptibility of the Kawasaki disease will be setd by the MBL polymorphism1.Children who have Kawasaki disease develop endothelial dysfuntion in early phase after onset of disease and this will caused by the production of nitric oxide (NO)5. As draw earlier, the primary innate immune system is very important feature for Kawasaki disease. Tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-1, 6, 8, monocyte, chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be activated to produce cytokine storm5. After cytokines are produced, it will release iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) in neutrophils, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. nitric oxide is produced by two enzymes which are endothelial NOS and iNOS5. Recent research found out that patients who developed Kawasaki disease have higher level of iNOS concentration in neutrophils in acute phase. Also, children have high level of nitric oxide metabolites such as NOx, NO3-, and NO2-. After production of Nitric Oxide, it will react with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) to give more biochemical reactions. This will be measured by new device called fluorescent indicators5. There are new devices used to measure the concentration of NO and ROS. First, Hydroxyphenyl fluorescence (HPF) was used to measure the concentration of ROS. Another device is called Diaminofluorescin-Flu Diacetate (DAF-FM DA) which is used to measure the concentration of intracellular Nitric Oxide5.There are significant evidences that the production of ROS and NO by neutrophils were much higher in Kawasaki disease patients in compare to mountain who have non-KD febrile children or non-febrile children5. By treating with IVIG, NO level will decrease. But, the production of NO can be beneficial or harmful. Usually, NO is cytotoxic but sometimes, it can protect cells from toxic materials. NO may react with hydroxy l radicals to produce much higher toxicity. To control the influence of NO, the duration, the amount of NO synthesis should be controlled. Therefore, in acute phase of Kawasaki disease, NO and ROS is highly produced and will cause damage to endothelial cells5. interference and future researchWhen patients are diagnosis as complete or incomplete KD, treatment should be induced right away. Because when patients have more than 10 days of fever will develop CAA. Major treatment that doctors use to treat KD is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Intravenous immuglobulin induced into bloodstream which contains immunoglobulin antibody G that is brought from other control blood donors. IVIG is still a major recommended treatment but some patients do not response to this treatment. The effects of IVIG last for 2 weeks up to 3 months. The typical amount of IVIG is a dose of 1000mg per kg of patients bodyweight. High amount of IVIG with aspirin will reduce the rate of coronary artery abnormalit ies (CAA) which includes coronary artery dilation or aneurysms from 20% to 3 to 5%. Also, depends of patients, IVIG can also used with acetylsalicylic acid to treat KD.There is one example about the incorrect treatment will cause severe disease. When IVIG was induced, patients could not cure coronary artery lesion. When patients induced with corticosteroid, they developed more coronary artery lesion3.There are two therapies which are antiinflammatory and antithrombotic therapy which are to treat Kawasaki disease instead of using IVIG. In antiinflammatory therapy, methylprenisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, and infliximab are used to treat Kawasaki disease. For antithrombotic therapy, Aspirin, heparin, warfarin, exoxaparin, tissue plasminogen activator, clopidogrel, and abciximab are used. Recently, infliximab proved by US Food and do drugs administration to cure not only Crohn disease but also used to treat Kawasaki disease patients. It was not used at all in 2001 but today, the administration of infliximab usage increased up to 2.3% of total number of therapies used. It became favourable because of two reasons. First, it only administer to patients only one time. Secondly, by not using infliximab more than once, it reduce the complication as seen in other therapies which are used more than once. Infliximab is an antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha, and cytokine in inflammatory response. It binds to tumour necrosis factor alpha and blocks the T-cell receptors to block the biochemical cascade. It will decrease the coronary artery abnormalities in patients who developed Kawasaki disease in early acute phase.To treat KD much better way, there should be more research. First, there should be more laboratory and echocardiographic data. Second, more development of clinical criteria and symptoms should be proposed. Even today, there is no perfect evidence that can explain the cause of KD therefore, there should be more research on genetic factors by looking at KD patients family. Lastly, after treatment of KD in childhood, complication may be developed after several decades and there is not much information about complication. Therefore, by monitoring and keep in touch with KD patients are good way to find out more about complication after initial treatment.ReferencesSato, S., H. Kawashima, Y. Kashiwagi, T. Fujioka, K Takekuma, and A. Hoshika. 2009. standoff of mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms with Kawasaki disease in the Japanese. I. Jour. R. Dis. 12307-310.Inoue, N., S. Takai, D. Jin, K. Okumura, N. Okamura, M. Kajiura, S. Yoshikawa, N. Kawamura, H. Tamai, M. Miyazaki. 2010. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in patients with Kawasaki disease. Clinica Chimica Acta. 411267-269.Huang, G.Y., Ma, X.J., Huang, M., Chen, S.B., Huang, M.R., Gui, Y.H., Ning, S.B., Zhang, T.H., Du, Z.D., Yanagawa H., and Kawasaki T. 2006. Epidemiologic Pictures of Kawasaki disease in Shanghai from 1998 through 2002. Journal of Epidemiology. 16No. 1.Yeo, Y.K., Kim, T.Y., Ha, K.S., Jang, G.Y., Lee, J.H., Lee, K.C., Son, C.S., and Lee, J.W. 2009. Incomplete Kawasaki disease in patients younger than 1 year of age a possible inherent bump factor. Eur J Pediatr. 168157-162.Yoshimura, K., Tatsumi, K., Iharada, A., Tsuji, S., Tateiwa, A., Teraguchi, T., Ogino, H., Kaneko, K. 2009. Increased nitric oxide production by neutrophils in early stage of Kawasaki disease. Eur J Pediatr. 1681037-1041Perrin, L., Letierce, A., Guitton, C., Tran, T.A., Lambert, V., Kone-Paut, I. 2009. Comparative study of complete versus incomplete Kawasaki disease in 59 pediatric patients. Joint Bone Spine. 76481-485.Son, M.B.F., Gauvreau, K., Ma, L., Baker, A.L., Sundel, R.P., Fulton, D.R., Newburger, J.W. 2009. preaching of Kawasaki Disease Anlaysis of 27 US Pediatric Hospitals From 2001 to 2006. Pediatrics. 1241-8.Ugi, J., Lepper, P.M., Witschi, M., Maier, V., Geiser, T., Ott, S.R. Nonresolving pneumonia a nd rash in an adult pulmonary involvements in Kwasakis disease. EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL. 35452-454.Climaz, R., Sundel R. 2009. Atypical and incomplete Kawasaki disease. Best Practice Research Clinical Rheumatology. 23 (5)689-697.

Effect of Bring your own Device (BYOD) on Cybersecurity

Effect of Bring your experience gimmick (BYOD) on Cyber credentialsEffect of Bring your take Device (BYOD) on Cybersecurity at organizeplaceIntroductionSeveral new trends in information admission charge be impacting constitutions ability to ascendance and secure comminuted somatic information. The emergence in web applications, swarm computing and Softwargon as a Service (SaaS) dispatcherings, and the Bring Your confess Device (BYOD) phenomenon, means that enforceees, business partners and customers be increasingly accessing information using a web browser on a device not owned or managed by the organization (Morrow, 2012). Bring your own device (BYOD) is process whereby when individual/ employees send away rehearse face-to-face devices for business purposes (Privacy Right, 2013). And the D in BYOD includes more than just smartph matchless(prenominal)s. It in like manner includes employees logging into web applications much(prenominal) as Outlook Web vex and Sh arPoint, SaaS applications much(prenominal) as CRM systems or healthc ar billing applications hosted in cloud services, from home desktop or laptop computers (Morrow, 2012). The concept of bring your own device (BYOD) is a evolveing trend for business IT. There be a variety of benefits to bothowing users to supply their own PCs and quick devices, but thither are also some concerns (Bradley, 2011). Several studies sport also shown that BOYD is unmatchable the three biggest cybersecurity threat of 2014 (Singh, 2012). In addition, it is suggested that BYOD, or bring your own device, can no longer be thought of as a fury it is quickly becoming the new reality. In addition, as this trend grows, all businesses are potentially at guess which can stem from some(prenominal) internal and external threats, including mismanagement of the device itself, external manipulation of software product program vulnerabilities and the deployment of poorly tested, unreliable business applicati ons (Singh, 2012). In this study, the effect of Bring your own Device (BYOD) on Cybersecurity at workplace will be investigated. guessingIt might be concluded that due to using of un reliable devices such as personal electronic device also known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) at workplaces causes intrusion into the company network, thereby causing data redness, stolen intellectual property to mention but few.Arriving at this hypothesis It was not an easy task, however, following the provided information made it easier. plan of attack up with the hypothesis, I had to brainstorm and do enough research to pay back up with a schematic sketch of the multivariates ( single-handed and dependent) involved in this issue. To picture the hypothesis is an empirical res publicament, general phenomenon, plausible, specific, consistent and testable. In this hypothesis, the identified independent variable is the personal electronic device (BYOD) while the dependable variable is the network intrusion, thereby causing data loss, stolen intellectual property. forecast 1 Schematic sketch of identified variablesIndependent protean Dependent Variable Use of Personal Electronic Device Network intrusionFigure 1 showing the dependable and independent variables of the hypothesis FindingsStudies have shown that one of the biggest challenges for organizations when employees use their own device organizations is that corporate data is being delivered to devices that are not managed by the IT department (Morrow, 2012). This has security implications for data leakage, data stealing and regulatory compliance (Morrow, 2012).in addition, the use of unmanaged devices such as BYOD causes trys to have less control and visibility, and fewer mitigation options than they do with managed devices (Morrow, 2012). In addition, Laptops, smartphones and tablets that connect to corporate networks significantly increase threats to sensitive data (Morrow, 2012). . Organizations should be concerne d roughly the security state of endpoint devices and the risks to which they are exposed. Key loggers, malware and cyber-attacks have greatly increase the potential for unauthorized access to, and information theft from, endpoints. authority unplanned consequences such as data leakage and malware reinforce the wreak to kick upstairs the security of corporate data. A malicious employee can slowly steal company trade secrets, intellectual property or sensitive customer information by saving it locally or to a cloud service, sending it through accounts in Dropbox and you send it or emailing it via a personal webmail account. Organizations must control the data after its delivered to the device to preclude accidental or intentional loss by careless or malicious end users.Studies have also shown that to assess the risks of BYOD computing, everything from data defilement to user habits to the activities of criminal syndicates needs to be considered (Romer, 2014). Some of the se curity risks to be considered includesSecurity as an afterthought Shows that some mobile devices either inadequacy advanced security features or have them disabled by default. charge basic features such as screen locks are turned off, and most users leave them that way (Romer, 2014).Data contamination Shows the photos and other content partake storage space along with confidential business data. This combining of data introduces new risks to the enterprise. Through carelessly configured back-ups or file copies, personal content might accidentally end up on corporate file servers. Worse, personal files that extend malware might spread to business files and from the mobile device to internal file servers and other enterprise assets (Romer, 2014).New Forms off malware Shows that New forms of malware targeting mobile devices are on the rise. IBM predicts that mobile malware will grow 15% annually for the next few years (Romer, 2014). Hackers and criminal syndicates escort that mos t mobile devices are less secure than more traditional devices such as laptops (Romer, 2014). They have begun targeting mobile devices for attacks ranging from mischievous pranks to advanced forbidding threats that stealthily copy internal data over many months, convey it to remote control centers around the world (Romer, 2014).Phishing attacks that slip past network defenses Shows that many employees routinely catch up on email and work during evenings and weekends, and when they do, they typically use smartphones or tablets (Romer, 2014). Realizing that most of these devices lack AV software and that most email and web traffic accessed remotely bypasses inspection by firewalls and gateways, attackers are now designing phishing attacks and other email exploits to be triggered during non-business hours (Romer, 2014). lost Devices Shows that on average, a cellphone is lost in the US every 3.5 seconds.1 Even if a lost smartphone or tablet does not contain confidential data, it stil l might include apps or cached credentials that make it easier for criminals to infiltrate an enterprise network (Romer, 2014). As workers begin carrying more devices, the likelihood of them losing devices only increases (Romer, 2014).Risky file sharing shows that to meet all their devices have the files they need, employees often try out one or more file-sharing services, including lax but risky file-sharing apps that run on public clouds (Romer, 2014). Unfortunately, these services, though popular, are usually not secure enough to be trusted with enterprise data (Romer, 2014).Conclusions with recommendationsOverall, this study shows that organizations should be concerned about the security state of endpoint devices and the risks to which they are exposed. In addition, key loggers, malware and cyber-attacks have greatly increased the potential for unauthorized access to, and information theft from, endpoints. Potential unintended consequences such as data leakage and malware re inforce the need to enhance the security of corporate data. In addition, to protect valuable information such as intellectual property, organizations need to make data security a top priority. To counter these sophisticated threats, organizations should employ a layered security strategy that provides necessary access to corporate information while minimizing risk and maintaining compliance (Privacy Right, 2013). When it comes to sensitive information, the focus must go beyond authorized and unauthorized users and extend data protection from storage through exile to delivery on the endpoint to prevent sensitive data loss (Privacy Right, 2013). Organizations also need to stop making a distinction in the midst of devices in the corporate network and devices outside of it, and focus instead on protecting their information (Privacy Right, 2013). They must compartmentalize access to sensitive information, employ better audit logging and log analysis, and deploy security solutions that are designed to support current BYOD strategies, such as those that can control the replication of data (Privacy Right, 2013). In conclusion, organizations must now readdress their corporate policies to ensure that their greatest asset information is being safeguarded on these mobile devices that are outside of their direct control (Gatewood, 2012).ReferencesSingh, Niharika. B.Y.O.D. Genie Is Out Of the Bottle bawl out Or AngelJournal of Business Management Social Sciences enquiry (JBMSSR)ISSN No 2319-5614 Volume 1, No.3, December 2012Bradley, Tony. Pros and Cons of Bringing Your Own Device to Work. PCWorld. PCWorld, 21 Dec. 2011. Web. 17 Dec. 2016.Privacy Right. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) . . . at Your Own Risk Privacy Rights Clearinghouse.Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, 1 Sept. 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. .Morrow, B.BYOD security challenges rule and protect your most sensitive data(2012)Network Security, 2012 (12), pp. 5-8.Romer, Hormazd. Best Practices for BYOD Security.Comput er guile Security 2014.1 (2014) 13-15. Web. 17 Dec. 2016.Gatewood, Brent. The nuts and bolts of making BYOD work. Information Management Journal, Nov.-Dec. 2012, p. 26+. Academic OneFile, Accessed 17 Dec. 2016.

Developing Low Energy and Sustainable Homes

Developing Low Energy and sustain open HomesClimate change and muscle security be the greatest ch allenges face the world today. Climate change is causing global warming, which is the growth in the average temperature on the earths surface, advertize and oceans. The release of green erect gas emissions into our atmosphere, from military man activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation maintain been a major(ip) factor in their increase over the last degree pennyigrade years.Energy security is vital for any developed economy. The OPEC member countries maintain about 75% of the worlds oil reserves (R). Many of these countries ar politically unstable and they house control the price of oil. In the early years of this decade, the UK was a net exporter of gas and it is estimated that by 2020, they willing unaccompanied be able to beseeming about 40% of their oil and gas demand themselves(R). The UK extremitys to cut its green category gas emissions and me et their talent demands without having to rely on some other nations.The Kyoto protocol was established to limit and slew the amount of green ho commit gases released into the atmosphere. Industrialised countries, and those is transition to a mart economy, which were called the Annex I countries find agreed to ratify the agreement and shrivel their emissions to a 1990s baseline (R).The UKs commitment low the protocol is to reduce their green house gas emissions by 12.5% of 1990 levels, by 2008-2012. This involves an 8% drop-off in their C02 emissions, the main cause of global warming, over this time frame. besides aspirational targets are crash out in the DTI Energy White base create in 2003, such as to reduce degree centigradeic acid gas emissions by 80% by 2050 (R).In 2002, the residential sector caused 27% of the UKs iodin Cic acid gas emissions, of which 82% of the dexterity was for quad and water warmnessing (R). The proposals, as fit(p) out by Gordon Brown in 2006 stated that at bottom decade years, every smart inhabitancy will be a zip fastener- one C home. The autograph for sustainable Homes was acquaintd in 2007, the code regulates the sustainability of homes over six levels ground on real criteria. In theory, constructing vigor- hundred homes (homes which can fall their own galvanising and heating privations each onsite or locally) is a fantastic base which will eventually displace power demands and whence lower the carbon paper paperic acid gas emissions countrywide. But they are ambitious plans and at that place are several issues that need to be resolved such asZero- ampere-second Home Definition invigorated Construction Techniques create RegulationsThe enactment for sustainable Homes supply LawsGrants and incentivesWhats happening in a flash?Certifying AgenciesZero Carbon Homesthither is still some confusion as to the detailed description of a set- cytosine home. The Housing Minister, John Healy publi shed on the Communities and Local Government (CLG) website the zero light speed homes definitionA zero gondolabon home is one whose net blow dioxide emissions, taking billhook of emissions associated with all cleverness use in the home, is equal to zero or negative across the year. The definition of efficiency use will foil both pushing uses currently regulated by the Building Regulations and other energy used in the home. (R)Detailed entropy is still indispensable about energy imported and used in the zero carbon homes. The energy standards state that there has to be onsite renewable energy and a locally colligateed heat supply to mark a 70% reduction in the carbon emissions from current levels. Currently there is no allowance make for renewable energy contractd off site, for face, jot and ramble office staff. If I design a proposed zero carbon home and connect it to an energy company that is gene grade electricity in the north of Scotland, I king not get hold o f the rating I want which is unfair, even though he electricity is generated from a renewable reference work.The liveness cycle of a building is not taken into account in the definition of a zero carbon homes either. The kindly organisation, renovation and disposal can cause solid amounts of CO2 emission to be released. A life cycle analyses of a zero carbon home should include the embodied energy indoors the materials and waste disposal. Of course, not all of the material could be sourced locally as this would be impossible, but each council/local government should be able to compile a list of materials that are located locally. Ideally, a certain percentage of the local materials should mystify to be used. This would not only falling off the embodied energy within some of the manifestation materials but withal help support local businesses. The government should invest more(prenominal) in the research of this idea, with many businesses suffering in the current economi c climate, we should be buying locally, not importing.New Construction Techniques Building RegulationsOur atomic enumerate 63an neighbours deliver been developing low energy houses and energy saving construction techniques for over 30 years. While some of the techniques might be new to the UK, they let been tried and tested on the continent. Currently the averaged U-Value for Walls, Roofs and Floors (wm2K) in Part L of the Building Regulations for the UK is 0.24, whereas in Germany and Switzerland the Passivehaus and Minergie-P regulations are achieving an average of 0.10(R). In 2013 the averaged UK Part L will lower to 0.18 and then in 2016 to 0.14. (R)The German designed Passivhaus has been a hugely successful energy saving concept that has only reached the UK in recent years. The basic principle include very good levels of detachment with minimal thermal bridging, utilising solar and internal gains by house orientation, windowpane design and post, excellent levels of air ti ghtness and good indoor air quality provided by whole house mechanical ventilating system schema with highly efficient heat recovery.(R)Sweden, in like manner has produced energy efficient house designs since the 1970s, with divers(prenominal) obligatory standards for the north and south due to the difference in climate. in that location work standards are among the highest energy efficiency requirements in the world, already in line with Passivhaus standards. Over 7000 home have been constructed across Europe to the Passivhaus standard, the techniques used can easily be adapted here within the UK.The highly insulated and airtight passivhaus have a heating requirment of 15kwh/m2/year, which is nearly 90% less energy used to heat a standard UK home (R). These homes often need little or no heating for 9 months of the year. This will not automatically mean that the houses will achieve the highest level on the cipher for sustainable Homes. If we are to achieve the standards of t he Passivhaus, the design and construction techniques should be introduced into the university courses now, for such degrees as I studied (Architectural Technology). These techniques are the approaching for zero carbon residential, commercial and industrial building. Starting with the basic house construction, if we are thought the techniques on how to construct dwellings that background their heat and sweltering water demand, less energy is needed, and expensive renewable options such as PV cells, geothermal pumps and domestic wind turbines can be reduced. We can then adapt these techniques for other building characters. encrypt for Sustainable Homes Sullivan ReportThe principle for Sustainable Homes (CSH) was introduced in England on a voluntary basis in May 2007 and a code rating for all new buildings became authorization from 1st May 2008. The Code train 3 rating for impertinently constructed homes promoted or supported by the Welsh Assembly Government became requisite from 1st May 2008 likewise and from 2nd June 2008, Code Level 3 is involve for all new self-contained social housing in Yankee Ireland (R).The Code does not ease up in Scotland. A bloodshed was appointed by the Minister for Transport,Infrastructure and Climate Changet, chaired by Lynne Sullivan, they made passs to develop a strategy to achieve zero net carbon emissions. Experts for the UK as well as from Norway, Denmark and Austria cave inicipated. They agreed on eventual and staged recommendations to be achieved by new build and existing homes in Scotland.The pursuance was recommended for all new build homes in ScotlandNet zero carbon buildings (i.e. space and water heating, lighting and ventilation) by 2016/2017, if practical.Two intermediate stages on the way to net zero carbon buildings, one change in energy standards in 2010 (low carbon buildings) and another in 2013 (very low carbon buildings).The 2010 change in energy standards for non-domestic buildings should own carbon dioxide savings of 50% more than 2007 standards.The 2010 change in energy standards for domestic buildings should stand carbon dioxide savings of 30% more than 2007 standards.The 2013 change in energy standards for non-domestic buildings should deliver carbon dioxide savings of 75% more than 2007 standards.The 2013 change in energy standards for domestic buildings should deliver carbon dioxide savings of 60% more than 2007 standards. play levels of U-values and airtightness for building fabric should be improved in 2010 to match those of Nordic countries, but context must be presumptuousness to the social and fiscal impact of measures that would necessitate mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in domestic buildings.The ambition of total-life zero carbon buildings by 2030.The Code for Sustainable Homes was introduced to replace Ecohomes which was the energy assessment rating for all homes in B.R.E.E.A.M. (R). The CSH was intend to be a single national standard for des ign and construction of sustainable homes. The code complements the scheme of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) which was introduced in June 2007 under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) (R). All new homes (and eventually all homes, when they are sold or leased) will have an EPC which provides key information about the energy efficiency/carbon performance of a home. The CSH and EPC and energy assessments used the same terminology.The CSH was developed by using the existing Building Research Establishments (BRE) EcoHomes System. The Code has a rack up ashes of six levels. The different levels are made up by achieving both the appropriate mandatory minimum standards together with a proportion of flexible standards. Level 6, be the highest level achieves a Zero-Carbon Home standard. The Code has been designed so it is near linked to the Building Regulations, which are the minimum standards by law. The minimum standards for the Code compliance have been set(p ) above the requirements of the Building Regulations. The Code has been set out as a baseline in relation to carbon emissions from energy use in a home.The introduction of the Code for Sustainable Homes will encourage developers to build to high standards. Homes that will be constructed to the higher standards set out in the Code will produce lower levels of CO2 and generate lower energy bills for the occupants. Including the 6 level scoring bodys is a good opportunity for developers and buildings to try various construction techniques and check out what level they can achieve. The levels are a good stepping stone to achieve a level 6 score and obtaining a zero-carbon home status.The Code for Sustainable Homes was designed to show how sustainable a home could be. Sustainable homes should include the three pillars of sustainability Environmental, Social Economic. In the Code, only one of these pillars is addressed, Environmental. For the Code to be truly sustainable the social an d economic issues need to be include in the design, construction and operation of all new homes. The location of new homes, either in a rural or built-up welkin could be added to the weighting dust for points scoring. Constructing a home within a certain distance of a public transfer route could also gain points on the scoring system, this would reduce the home owners daily car use and CO2 emissions.The government or local authorities could have specially designated areas, preferably Brownfield sites that could be classed as sustainable sites. A points system could be incorporated into the CSH for constructing a new home in this area. As take makes up over 23% of UKs GHG emissions (R), encouraging alternative-fuel vehicles and electric cars would be beneficial. An alternative-fuel top up station could be constructed within these proposed sustainable sites area. This would meet some of the economic issues by creating employment within the green industry. Until the social and econ omic issues have been addressed, we should consider contacting the plane section for Communities and Local Government and intercommunicate them to rename the Code for Sustainable Homes to the Code for Environmental Homes. grooming LawsAs stated in Section 1.0, Zero-Carbon Homes will have to incorporate either on-site renewable technologies or locally sourced combined heat and power (CHP) for their energy needs. The National Planning policy Statement 22 renewable Energy gives national guidance in England, on the inductance of renewable technologies. Statement 22 was last updated in 2004, but has been supplemented by the updated Planning Policy Statement 1 Planning Climate Change published in 2007. Currently there is a consultation draft to be updated and published before the end of this year (2009). The equivalent planning recital in Scotland is the National Planning Policy Guideline 6 renewable Energy growings. It provides the Scottish Executives policy on national land use a nd planning matters regarding renewable technologies.New permitted development rights introduced on 6th April 2008 in England and the 12th March 2009 in Scotland have made it easier to stack away renewable energy technologies such as solar panels and biomass boilers(R). These permitted development rights have lift requirements for planning permission for most domestic micro- extension technologies.In England, The General Permitted Development Order (GPDO) gives rights to certain forms of development on the home without the need to apply for planning permission. In Scotland, these rights are under the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Developed) (Domestic Micro-generation) TCP (GPD) Scotland Amendment Order 2009. Currently the Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Government are considering changing their legislation to permit certain renewable technology development without having to apply for planning permission. Both governments hope to introduce legislation in 2010. The GPDO in England and the TCP (GPD) in Scotland include the spare-time activity technologiesSolar PV Solar Thermal (Roof Mounted)Solar PV Solar Thermal (Stand Alone) forest burning boilers and stovesGround source heat pumpsWater source heat pumpsAir source heat pumpsMicro and small wind (due to jural technicalities not included yet but further legislation judge later this year)The DPDO and TCP (GPD) are for guidance only. Each local self-assurance has their own regulations that are set exclusively for their area. For example, a dwelling constructed within a conservation area would have to comply with stiffer standards with regard to installation of renewable technologies towards a dwelling not located in a conservation area.The Mid-Lothian Local Plan was published in 2007 and within NRG2 undivided Wins Turbines and Micro-Generations it states,The Council will support development that proposes the use of individual and community surmount wind turbines and other mic ro-generation technologies for localised power requirements, provided they are located to minimise any potential adverse impact on the local community. The additive visual impact of such proposals will be taken into consideration when assessing individual planning applicationsThere certainly is a good system in place in allowing the installation of certain renewable technologies without the need for applying for planning permission. The National Planning Policy Statements (England) and National Planning Policy Guidelines (Scotland) provide national frameworks which help local planning systems to evolve and deliver sustainable development. The current planning system is definitely driving us towards a sustainable future and the possibility of making ZCHs a humankind by 2016. It is great to see that certain micro-generation technologies do not need to apply for planning permission, even if certain restrictions apply. But the main anguish for home developers and owners is the make up of these technologies.Grants IncentivesTo construct a home that achieves a Level 6 in the CSH and a ZCH status requires new construction techniques and materials. There might be a higher initial be to incorporate these techniques and materials than constructing a current standard home, but energy savings can be achieved over the whole life cost and operation of the home. The cost of constructing a ZCH is greater than a standard home because of the requirement to install renewable technologies. The cost of renewable energy generation depends on which type of technology is outlet to be installed within a home.In the UK, the government, energy suppliers and local authorities all provide haves towards installing renewable technologies into your home. The Department of Energy Climate Change (DECC) low carbon building syllabus provides grants for householders. The grants are available for micro-generation technologies including Solar PV, wind turbines, small scale hydro, solar wa ter heating, heat pumps and bio-energy. The programme also funds renewable CHP, micro CHP and fuel cells.In Scotland, the Energy saving Scotland home renewable grant scheme provides grants for homes. It is funded by the Scottish Government and the Energy Saving Trust. financial support is set at 30% of the installed cost up to a level best of 4,000. The grant covers Solar water heating, solar PV, solar thermal space heating, small scale wind and hydro systems, ground source and air source heat pumps and biomass boilers and stoves. In Scotland, you have the choice to apply for an Energy Saving Scotland home renewable grant or a low carbon buildings programme grant, but you cannot apply for a grant from both programmes for one technology.The grants available help towards the cost of the installation of renewables, but are they plenty? With the current economic climate, batch are being very paying attention with their money. Renewable technologies can save money over the whole li fe costing of a home, but its the initial cost that is important to people now. The grants available should be increased to really entice people to secure these technologies.There are also feed-in tariffs available, if a home is generating more galvanizing energy than it needs, it can sell it back to the main energy suppliers. There are currently two main types of feed-in tariffs available, the Export Tariff, where you are only paid for the electricity you export to the electricity network and the Generation tariffs, where you are paid for all the electricity that your system generates even if you use it in your own home. There are also some Set legal injury Tariffs available where a fixed amount is paid by the energy supplier based on the type of system installed. The tariff feedback system is a chance for all consumers to release producers. All homes could become energy-plus which could make the UK a net exporter of renewable energy in the future.In Germany, they have been usi ng a feed-in tariff system for over 10 years. It has been a huge success. Under the German system anyone generating electricity from solar PV, wind or hydro is guaranteed a payment of four times the market rate for 20 years. This reduces the requital time for cost of the renewable technologies to less than 10 years and after the payback time is complete, the home owner has a regular income from the electrical company for the power they generate. The cost is spread by generating companies among all users and has added about one cent/kwh to the average bill, or an special 1.50 (1) a month (R).The growth in home electric generation and renewable technology use in Germany has created jobs and reduced the initial cost. With more companies competing for a share of the market, they have lowered their prices, a typical 3kw PV system costs about 17,000 in Britain but less than 10,000 in Germany (R).It has been turn up that the feed in tariff system in Germany is lowering the initial cost of renewable technologies, creating employment and generating income for the home owner after the payback period is over. This system should be introduced worldwide, and promoted as a sustainable manner as it incorporates the three pillars of sustainability environmental, social and economic.Certifying AgenciesBREEAM (BRE Environmental AssessmentMethod) is the leading and most widely used environmental assessment method for buildings. It sets the standard for best workout in sustainable design and has become the de facto measure used to appoint a buildings environmental performance (R).An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is required for all homes whenever built, rented or sold. If you are buying or selling a home it is now law to have a certificate. They are also required on construction of new homes and are needed for rented homes the primary time the property is let after 1 October 2008. The certificate records how energy efficient a property is as a building and provides A-G ratings. These are similar to the labels now provided with domestic appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines.The UKs governments stock(a) Assessment Procedure (SAP), assess the energy performance of dwellings and produces the EPC. Energy performance is based on consumption per unit floor area, energy cost rating (SAP rating), an Environmental Impact rating based on CO2 emissions (EI rating) and a Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (DER). The SAP rating is based on energy costs associated with space heating, water heating, ventilation and lightings, less cost savings from energy generation technologies. The SAP rating is expressed on a scale of 1 to 100, the higher the number the lower the running costs.An EPC is always accompanied by a recommendation report that lists cost effective and other measures (such as low and zero carbon generating systems) to improve the energy rating. A rating is also given showing what could be achieved if all the recommendations were implemen ted. EPCS are produced by accredited energy assessors.Whats happening now?Some local authorities in the UK have been making exemplar progress in delivering a low carbon economy, such as Fife in Scotland and in the near future, Merseyside Council are to become the biggest UK low carbon economy (R).The Zero Carbon Hub is a web-site set up by the Government to help you understand the challenges, issues and opportunities involved in developing, building and marketing low and zero carbon homes. The Zero Carbon Hub shares practical experience and uses this information to accelerate main stream word meaning of low and zero carbon methods and technologies. The web-site identifies successful examples of low and zero carbon housing solutions. This will help identify successful design, method, technologies and approaches.Currently major house developers within the UK are constructing prototype zero carbon homes. They are using the developments as exemplar projects on techniques and technologi es needed to be included within a home to achieve Zero Carbon status. The next developers and companies have all developed a zero carbon home.Stewart Milne group Sigma ProjectKingspan Off-Site The LighthouseCreo ProKoncept The Creo HouseBarratt Developments Plc The Barrett Green House moth miller Homes Ltd. Miller Zero Housing ProjectTarmac Ltd Level 6 Home University of NottinghamIt is encouraging that the major house developers are constructing their own example of zero carbon homes that can be mass produced. They are experimenting with new techniques and materials and then sharing their results and information so everyone benefits. The Stewart Milne Group claim, for their Sigma project to achieve a Level 6 on the CSH, the initial cost for renewable technologies is currently from 60,000-70,000. They suggest we should be concentrating on super-insulating our homes instead of trying to generate energy. They make a valid point here, if we super insulate our homes we will need less energy to heat it, requiring less renewable technologies to generate electricity.It is highly likely that by 2013 many of the sustainability stumbling blocks for the UK will have been move away by neccesity. Retrofit solutions to existing properties must be part of the future. If only our banks were to protect their assets by financing a UK wide gain programme.As practitioners of sustainability we have the following summary for you allWhat is a zero carbon home?A zero carbon home would alter for zero stamp duty if its design emission rating (DER) were a negative number and its Heat Loss Parameter HLP sufficiently low. At presentthe embedded energy of the materials usedthe energy from appliances and fittings and fixturesthe energy associated with transport and servicing are not included.The term low carbon home is rather vague and ambiguous for the consumerRegardsThe impact of achieving the 25 per cent and 44 per cent improvements above the current Part L standard in 2010 an d 2013 is estimated to have a net impact on the economy up to 2016 of around 1.9bn. These costs are based on assuming that developers favor technologies on the basis of minimising the capital costs of construction. However, if the impact of on going costs and benefits is taken into account in technology choices, then the general cost to the economy is reduced to 0.85bn, which is nearly half of the 1.9bn cost. Under this scenario there is a slightly higher capital outlay (the percentage increase in Part L above 2006 in 2013 is 6.2 per cent compared with 5.4 per cent when the capital costs are minimised), but the difference in coat of the ongoing benefits is clear.

The Corporate Rationale Of The Virgin Group Marketing Essay

The Corporate Rationale Of The thoroughgoing(a) grouping Marketing endeavorRichard Branson,fo to a lower place of sodding(a) and is considered to be the single most important ingredient to e real last(predicate) the successes that has been reaped.This case study examines the complete(a) convocation unified system and it identities the affinitys inwardly the unadulterated congregation. utter(a)es observe make senseing activities and qualities atomic number 18 discussed.The thoroughgoing(a) base is comprised of m whole another(prenominal) contrary assorted mixes of billetes.The virtuous pigeonholing is diversified into 200 backupes and it has a flick in any pie. Looking at the case the overall incarnate rule is simply a ejection of Richards own philosophy and his personal persona that is revered and became respected by the popular.Richards high profile allowed the sodding(a) imperfection represent to be the far most important addition to the lodge. o n the whole the employmentes in the consummate(a) concourse atomic number 18 strategicalally targeted towards a five pillar empire that Richard created. These pillars are travel, leisure, moblie phones, entertainment, retail and personal finance. All the line of businesss in spite of appearance the empire all the managers to arrive at freedom to make decisions singly for addition and allows them to feel the same decimal point of ownership and values.Richard Branson, founder of staring(a) in 1970 is in the authors opinion the single most important reason to all the success that has been reaped up-to-date. The incorporate rationale is simply a projection of Richard Brandons own personal philosophy, which he has come ind into the structure of corporate rational. The complete(a) congregation is comprised with many assorted mix of businesses.(Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)Corporate rationale is the mode in which a corporate name envisages the way that it female genital organ ad d value to its strategic business units. The virgin bases rationale is to diversity into as many foodstuffs feasible, and extend the perfect(a) crisscross trope further at a low cost where summit could be relied upon to reduce barriers to submission into static grocerys. The following will be discussed below.The thoroughgoing(a) Groups rationale is to panopticn into as many commercializes that are feasible.They want to extend the virginal blemish spot further at a low cost where stature could be relied upon to help reduce the barriers for en undertake into a static market. The arrant(a) Group looks for a challenge in e precise gauge and maneuvers to providing breach quality products than the competitors do. The double-dyed(a) Group aims at entering a market that is exempt in the growth phase. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)The sodding(a) Group sees itself as a restructurer, this means that it has low central be due to comparatively small corporate centre, with fairly minimal involvement at business level. However they vary from the portfolio managers because they also set ab start trying to let on restructuring opportunities within their businesses and run through the skills and expertise in club to intervene and introduce these changes where necessary. ( Jenn,2008)The complete(a) Group has a wide position of strategic business units about two hundred ranging from airways to drinks, and makeup to publishing. complete(a)s corporate rationale is that they try to enter static market, in which thither are few competitors and where consumers do not get value for money.The virtuous Group enters these markets that are still in the growth horizontal sur hardiness and to try and shake them up, for pillowcase they did this with Virgin Airways and Virgin Cola.By entering the market that is still in its growth stage and has few competitors Virgin managed to produce the product or avail for a slightly lower price than all other competitors within the market then they should , along with their strong Virgin brand hang. Virgin Group gained a big market percent fairly readily because they had lower prices than everyone else.This is a good way in which to enter a market because it surprises the other competitors who may have become too flourishing in this monopolistic market, and has a potentially huge initial gain. development the surprise tactic ensures that the other market leaders will not expected your move and result in a slow chemical reaction , for fashion model when Virgin entered the airways market, the British Airways had not anticipated them as aspiration and so were not prepared to be able to cut costs and compete. So Virgin Airways gained a big share of the market very quickly.Excellent watchfulness practices has also been refer to as a major strength of this group, and is there for one of the most significant components of its corporate rationale. The Virgin Group corporate rationale was also diversify i nto as many markets that were feasible and extend the Virgin brand name at a low cost. The Virgin Group looked for a challenge in every imagine and aimed at providing fall in quality products to their customers and better than their competitors.The Virgin Group corporate rationale was to sacrifice their short- marches profits in order to gain a longer-term growth and therefore they used an independent business level decision making method. This corporate rationale allows the managers to make decisions several(prenominal)ly for growth and feel the same degree ownership and values that any other manager would feel in the Virgin Group. (Rob Abdul,30/01/02)Virgins rationale for elaborateness was based on fierce external diversification strategy and Richards constant quantity need to be creative in his approaches to new challenges. For Richard the brand is very important and is an asset. The ultimate objective is to have an established global name and therefore the Virgin Group needs to have a piece of karyon businesses with global potential, with expansion this can be achieved..Are there any relationships of a strategic nature between the businesses within the Virgin Group?The Virgin Group is formed by various strategic business units (SBU). A strategic business unit is a take leave of an organization for which there is a distinct external market for goods or services that is diametrical from another SBU. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02) Basically, there are 56 strategic business units in the Virgin Group. For example, there are Virgin Travel and Virgin Trading in the Virgin Group.As antecedently mentioned all the businesses in the Virgin Group are strategically targeted towards a five pillar empire system that Richard created. At the heart of Virgins core strategy is to develop the five pillars of the business empire which includes travel, leisure, mobile phones, and entertainment, retailing and personal finances. Looking at the diagram below it shows that all the ve ntures have the same brand name.The Virgin GroupFigure 1, The Virgin GroupAs this diagram shows that the brand name is the of import strategic relationship and this creates a strong acknowledgement from customers. Giving a venture the name Virgin sends out a message to the customers. The brand is associated with the words fun, sophisticated and daring. This can result in transfers of all trade and promotional activities up to the present for the specific venture respectively. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)The Virgin Travel consists of Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Holidays, Virgin Aviation and Virgin Balloon. The Virgin Trading consists of Virgin Megastores, Virgin Enterprises, Virgin Clubs and Virgin Cosmetics. Several strategic relationships exist within the Virgin Group. One of the most recent of these strategic relationships involves it convolution to customers of digital and mobile phone services as hygienic as wideband meshwork service.Virgin Digital UK laissez passers digital music to a wide variety of customers in mediums that are compatible with a wide range of software and digital hardware. The conjunction boasts a high preparation for this market as it has deep roots in the music application, beginning with its insert company Virgin Records, because of Virgins Records previous ownership and effectives to many music tracks the company has benefited by it having already at its disposal thousands of tracks to make available to the public (Baker Capital, 2005)This is the partnership involved with the mobile phone service company under the Virgin Label. Downloading music to mobile phones is an advantage that can be offered to Virgin mobile customers as an incentive to subscribe or switch to Virgin mobile service providers. This is also an advantage for the Virgin broadband provider, as it allows the Group to further integrate its digital services to include internet service and offer such packages and exclusive deals that have the potential to pull in ones horns even more customers. (Marivic Butod, 2007)Another strategic relationship exists among the Virgin transportation system companies. The Group of airlines (Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Galactic) have the distinction of offering the lowest fares for packages in the Atlantic and other parts of the world. The ability to offer flights to and from more unknown quantity and less-travelled destinations is granted to Virgin because of partnership between and among the virgin airline companies of the different regions.Furthermore, the benefit is extended by the existence of a partnership with Virgin data track that offers extended service via railway farther into more unapproachable regions of the European continent. The Virgin Group tries to create and grow relationships with directors, managers and pilots within Virgin Galactic and all the business in the Virgin Group strategically targeted towards travel, leisure, mobile phones, entertainment retailing and personal finance.All the busine sses within the Virgin Empire allow the managers to make decisions independently and this allows them to feel the same degree of ownership and values that any other manager. Businesses were ring-fenced in order for the assets not to be switched between companies in the Virgin Group and if any company became too large another company would be put in its place.The name Virgin became synonymous with Richard Bransons name and this key psychological strategy helps with marketing and promotions because this at the end of the day helps them expand and get well known. Therefore many businesses outside the Virgin Group have shown their elicit though sound out ventures as the Virgin brand name is suitable well known.Does the Virgin Group, as a corporate parent, add value to its businesses? If so how?Corporate parenting places collective responsibility on local regimen to achieve good parenting for all children in their care. It requires ownership and leadership at a senior level, this inc ludes all elected members. They make sure all councillors in your council understand their corporate parenting responsibilities and are committed to fulfilling them. (Marivic Butod, 2007)The Virgin Group as a corporate parent values all its businesses. The Virgin Group achieves value by intellectual the institutionalised markets. The Virgins management aggroup has done a good job in identifying satis occurrenceion in the market. The management team expertise and experience matched with the strategy allows the company to offer more for less.The Virgin group also added value to its businesses with the brand name and used the brand name to help overcome barriers to entry. The Virgin brand name is a consumers supporter and as mention before the brand is much respected with the British public. The Virgin Group at a corporate parent also helps with limiting the risks for the other businesses joining in the joint venture.Any company, corporation or organisation that is in a joint venture with the Virgin Group had the benefits of limiting the risks associated in the market place. The other value that the Virgin Group contributes as a corporate parent is that they do not restrict the management teams. The Virgin Group has a flat management structure which helps encourage asylum, flexibility and it can help promote the values of shared ownership and responsibilities. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)The Virgin Group ensures that innovation is amongst the staff members and helps ensure that the individuals are successful in their careers. The Virgin Group acquires partners that have the same mind set for the venture and they ensure that they match their ability to be innovative and create differentiation for their particular company. These innovative thoughts and ideas are then applied directly into the business and therefore helping it to be successful.Virgin Mobile is an example of this innovation as it formulated a partnership with the existing telecommunications operators to retail in mobile services. The virgin Group and their management team were successful at identifying that the agreement was in the handling of the network management. Due to their innovation of their joint ventures and networking it promoted a unique service to the market.Virgin as a corporate parent added workable value as well to its businesses by expend and evolution the employees and real expertise. With all the joint ventures that the Virgin Group have made they did indeed limit well-nigh risks but they also contradicted some signals to the customers by having so many businesses and if the one performed badly the other recess businesses with the brand name stand a chance on been labeled as the same. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)In a sense the Virgin Group is a community, every Small Business Unit in it share ideas, values, interests, goals, and the most important, they share the same brand. Therefore the Virgin Group as a corporate parent have set standards and helped the business es know precisely how to create value to the customers and how to ensure that the brand name is upheld.The Virgin Group as a corporate parent does value to its businesses and has achieved it though understanding the institutionalised markets, using the Virgin band name to overcome barriers to entry, it curb risks by going into joint ventures with different companies, it does not restrict the management team and the Virgin Group shows innovation.Virgins management team have been doing very well when it comes to identifying a market that is still in its growth stage and markets with very little competitors. It is this expertise and experience that is coupled with the strategy to offer more to the customers for less and it has helped the Virgin Group plough though content business industries.As a corporate parent virgins brand name has helped to overcome barriers to entry. The fact the brand name is well established and authentic by the public it has helped with getting into certa in markets and to expand into areas where the Virgin Group believes it can make a difference and offering something different to the consumers and a good price.Virgin has limited the risks by going into joint ventures and any company that goes into a joint venture with Virgin also benefits the limitations of risks in the market place. As a corporate parent it helps the new venture as one have limited risks as it is under a well known brand of standards and low cost. It also encourages the management teams to be independent and make choices that will better the growth of the company.Virgins corporate rationale to innovation allows the staff members to be successful in their careers. The Groups acquires partners that think similarly and that match their abilities to innovation and differentiation. This should then be applied to the whole business. For example Virgin Mobile formulated a partnership with existing telecommunications operators to retail in the mobile services. This innov ation leads them to promote unique services and better offers to the customers.What are the primary(prenominal) issues facing the Virgin Group and how should they be tackled?The Virgin group of companies was faced with two main issues. In the short term was the groups financial situation. A number of Virgins businesses were experiencing substantial negative cash flows. contempt plans to generate funds this still left poorly performing companies such as Virgin Express, Virgin Megastores, and Virgin Money, where offloading Bransons equity stakes would arise more difficult.Looking at virgin Atlantic which is an airline assiduity it indicates that the Virgin Group relied on this airline to make the profits and when deregulation change magnitude the competition within the market place caused Virgin Atlantic to make some Losses. According to the Virgin Rail the biggest business that they face is that the uses of this form of transport is voted as the unpopular rail operator and the fact that Virgins rail statistics were ranked low.Virgin Groups brand name was slowly chipped outdoor(a) by the press due to their reputation of the rail transport. The Virgin Group, been a larger empire, faces publicity blindly due to the fact if things were going right all is good, but then all it takes is a handful of businesses in the empire to either experience unavoidable consequences. Virgin Atlantic is an example of this as when there was bad services provided and with the bad publicity of the Virgin Rail it caused a disastrous effect opn the other areas within the empire. (Marivic Butod, 2007)Virgin name became diluted and doing analysis of the environment must be lettered and that is what they did after these events occurred. The public is sensitive and as a corporate parent Virgin can add value to its businesses by investing and developing real expertise. Therefore Virgin should change its policy to accommodate both(prenominal) independent and joint ventures to depose on short term profits.The main issues facing the Virgin Group is Virgin Atlantic and virgin Rail. Virgin Atlantic is the airline industry and like any other industry it id cyclic. This proved to be dangerous in 2001 because the Virgin Group take careed to rely entirely on the profits of Virgin Atlantic. To make matters worse deregulations increased the competition in the market place and this caused all most competitors were experiencing losses.The biggest problem faced by the Virgin Group though was the strategic Rail Authority review in 2000 because it was the most public. Virgin Rail was voted as the unpopular rail operator and it was ranked 23rd and 24th out of 25 operators. This was a major issue as it damaged a part of the Virgin reputation. That was not bad until the press slowly chipped at the company. (Marivic Butod, 2007)CONCLUSIONThe key emphasis on this case was innovation and differentiation. The aim was to offer more for less and that each company was truly a Virgin i n its own field. Although to some this notion may seem a bit too good to be true, yet no one can deny that the virgin group is one of the UKs largest close companies. Success was the result of Richard Bransons philosophy and approach in his company.By using effective leadership, giving motivation, employing effective communication, interaction, job redesign, building trust and respect, it is very clear that the company has been performing well in various industries that it manages. The main aspirations of the Virgin Group of the companys key stakeholders is to continue expanding operations and various outside(a) business locations, new kind of business ventures and to enhance the reputation of the brand.Virgins marketing is customer focused and is apparent that every major and minor decisions and plans created are based on the result of researches conducted and founded on the customers. Furthermore the services and products are something better and more valuable. Virgin bases its pricing strategy on several key trends that shape the global marketplace.

Application of Matrices in Real-Life

application program of Matrices in Real-LifeApplication of hyaloplasm in insouciant lifeMatrices atomic human action 18 manipulationd much more in free-and-easy life than people would have thought. In fact it is in effort of us every day when going to break, at the university and even at home.Graphic softw atomic number 18 such as Adobe Photoshop on your face-to-face computer utilizes matrices to process bi business concernar transformations to render dates. A squargon matrix ass represent a linear transformation of a nonrepresentational object.For example, in the Cartesian X-Y excogitatione, the matrix reflects an object in the vertical Y axis. In a video game, this would render the upside-down mirror image of an assassin reflected in a pond of blood. If the video game has sheer reflecting surfaces, such as a shiny metal shield, the matrix would be more complicated, to stretch or shrink the reflection.In physics relate applications, matrices atomic number 18 whi te plagued in the require of electrical circuits, quantum mechanics and optics. Engineers engagement matrices to model physical systems and perform accurate calculations needed for complex mechanics to work. Electronics ne dickensrks, airplane and spacecraft, and in chemical engineering all require suddenly calibrated computations which are obtained from matrix transformations. In hospitals, medical imaging, CAT scans and MRIs, drug abuse matrices to operate.Whereas in programming which is taught at the university, matrices and inverse matrices are use for cryptanalytics and encrypting messages. A message is made as a sequence of add up in a binary format for communication and it follows code speculation for solving.In robotics and automation, matrices are the basic components for the robot movements. The inputs for controlling robots are obtained found on the calculations from matrices and these are very accurate movements.Mevery IT companies also use matrices as data st ructures to track user education, perform search queries, and manage databases. In the realness of information security, many systems are designed to work with matrices. Matrices are apply in the compression of electronic information, for example in the storage of biometric data in the new Identity Card in Mauritius.In geology, matrices are used for making seismic surveys. They are used for plotting graphs, statistics and also to do scientific studies and research in almost contrasting fields. Matrices are also used in representing the real world datas like the population of people, infant mortality rate, etc. They are best representation methods for plotting surveys. In economics very erect matrices are used for optimization of problems, for example in making the best use of assets, whether labour or capital, in the manufacturing of a product and managing very large supply chains.Application of Statistics in real-life problems.Statistics can be defined as a type of mathematic al abstract which involves the method of collecting and analyzing data and then summing up the data into a numerical form for a given set of factual data or real world observations.In our daily life, we collect information which helps us in resolve questions regarding the world in which we live, that is statistics.One main example is weather forecast. These charts and information that you see on the television are obtained using statistics that compare stretch forth weather conditions with current weather to predict future weather.Whenever theres an election as the one coming in a few days in Mauritius, the press consult statistical surveys with the population when they try to predict the winner. Candidates use statistics to drive in for example that 20,000 of these voters will be between the age of 18 and 22, that is this will be their first election and thus try to centre their campaign more on benefits for these young adults. Statistics play a dower in which your elected b rass will be consisted of.In industries and businesses it is of import to be fast and accurate in decision making. They use statistics to know what customers want and therefore know what to produce and sell and in what quantities. Statistics helps to plan production according to the taste of the customers, the quality of the products or availability of materials. full decisions can be made about the location of business, marketing of the products, financial resources etcStatistics are also used in agriculture to know what come in of crops is grown this year in comparison to previous old age or what has been the demand for a certain crop during the past 5 years or quality and size of vegetables grown due to use of polar fertilizers.Last Friday was the results day for the CPE exams in Mauritius and statistics were used to compare the contrary passageway rates for girls compared to boys and how the whole pass rate have evolved during the past years. These statistics helps the government to determine whether the education system in the country needs to be modified or completely re-implemented.In medical studies scientists must translate a statistically valid rate of efficacy before any drug can start to be prescribed in hospitals and pharmacies. Statistics are behind every medical study you hear about. For example an current case, the Ebola virus. Statistics are used to determine the number of infected persons in different countries and these data helps to warn neighbouring countries about the risks they are exposed to.Application of throwback in real-life problems.Correlation and regression are largely used methods to odor into the kinds between quantitative variables. A correlation looks at the validity of the relationship between variables and regression helps to determine the nature of the relationship, or how it behaves. This allows predictions to be made. These methods are very useful, but easily misused.Regressions can be used in business to evaluate edits and make estimates. For e.g. if a companys sales have increase rapidly every month for the past years, using a linear regression on the sales data with monthly sales on the y-axis and cadence on the x-axis would produce a line that illustrates the ascending trend in sales. After obtaining the trend line, the company could use the slope of the line to anticipate sales in future months.A company can use linear regression to determine the best sale terms for a certain product bought by customers. This can be through with(p) by plotting a graph of price against quantity. The resulting line would denote how customers reduce their consumption of the product as the price increases. This could help in decision making of the prices of future products.Linear regression can be used in assessing risk. For e.g. a health insurance company shall plot number of claims per customer against age and by reading the graph deduce that sometime(a) customers tend to make more health in surance claims. The results of such an analysis might lead to important business decisions made to account for risks.Application of Correlation in real-life problems.For e.g. a researcher suggested that taller people have high self-esteem. After analyzing his data and coming up with an r-value of .08, he abandons his hypothesis because the two variables do not appear to be strongly related at all.Another area where correlation is used is in the study of light where research has been carried out to test the strength of the relationship between the I.Q. levels of selfsame(a) and non-identical twins.In medical studies, correlation is used widely and one e.g. is the study to test if glucose level is related to the age of a person.Correlation is by and large used in research studies. In schools for e.g. a use of correlation would be the study of how a student who has many absences has a accrue in grades or the more years of education you complete, the higher your earning potential d rop will be.In the sports area correlation is used broadly by coaches to develop workout routines. Some common correlations are the more time a person spends running on a treadmill, the more calories he will burn or the more you exercise your core muscles, the more stable your body gets.

The New Blue :: essays research papers

About IBM The Big somber IBMs history dates back decades sooner the development of electronic estimators Big Blue was officially born in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, a conglom datetion of other companies that started in the 1880s. Since then, the company has been subservient in the development of mainframes, calculators, personal computers, networking, softw atomic number 18, and several scientific breakthroughs. Four IBM researchers expect won Nobel prizes. In 1990, IBM had its most profitable year ever. By 1993, the computer industry had changed so rapidly the company was on its way to losing $16 billion and IBM was on a watch list for extinction ill-used by its own lumbering size, an insular corporate culture, and the PC era IBM had itself helped invent. Since that time, IBM has made major changes in its business activities, shifting its focus importantly away from components and hardware and towards software and services. In 1993, Lou Gerstner was b rought in to run IBM. He moved the companys focus to services, and re-established IBM as the biggest computer consulting and services company in the world. However, nearly after a decade, Big Blue was still losing capital on PCs, a market it helped launch. Gerstner was succeeded by Samuel J. Palmisano in 2002. The New Blue under the Leadership of PalmisanoThe style of Sam Palmisano may be minimise compared to his predecessor, Louis Gerstner. But the strategy moves the 52 year old has made since he became the chairman and chief executive of IBM less than two years past have been bold, even risky. If successful, his strategy promises to redefine not only IBM, and also what it means to be a computer company. IBM is no longitudinal content to be merely a supplier of hardware and software, and seeks to bewilder more a side-by-side partner with businesses - helping them improve their marketing, planning, procurement and node service. The aim is to create a very deep connection betw een IBM and its customers, and at that level it is a very powerful strategy. But its devising IBM more like a service business with technology impel in than a technology business. To pursue this strategy, Palmisano needed to add expertise in business consulting and software. In 2002 the largest purchases came when he acquired PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting for $3.5 billion and Rational software product for $2.1 billion. More fundamental changes have come in 2003, and some are just now falling into place.

Body Modification :: Body Piercings Essays

Body Modification A Rising SensationA heavily tattooed woman pinched my stab and picked up a gargantuan needle with her other hand. Whoa...hold on, I muttered. Whats the matter? You flip got to be kidding me. You cant pierce me with that Uh...why non? Its waaaay too big You cant just head a chopstick and jab a hole into my face with it... Listen...do you want this sharp-worded or not? I have a whole place of people waiting outside to be in this chair. I stared in horror at the fearsome needle taunting me to challenge its gleam tip. I closed my eyes, prayed with every cell in my body for the trouble adeptself to be minimal, and grimaced as she expertly twirled the needle between her fingers and then slid it by dint of my flesh in one fluid motion. When I took a peek, I gaped cross-eyed at the foreign object jutting out of my irrupt and smiled. I dont remember what state of mind I was in when I walked into the parlor, but I left victorious end-to-end history, people have de corated and modified the appearance of their bodies in legion(predicate) different ways. Nostril piercings are thought to have been adopted into the nobleman castes in the Middle East almost 4000 years ago. Nowadays, nostril piercings have been adopted by Christina Aguilera. In South America, Aztec and Mayan priests pierced their tongues as get around of a ritual to communicate with their gods. In several African tribes, the apricot of women was determined by the size of plates that were fitted into their upper lips. In ancient civilizations of Egypt, a ameliorate belly button could elevate someones tender standing. At that time, only Pharaohs and royal families could pierce their navels. Anyone else was promptly executed. A perfect belly button, however, could be a peasants slate to a better life. The ancient Romans pierced their nipples (ouch) to show their strength and endurance. It is alike theorized that their nipple jewelry held their cloaks in place To this day, pierci ngs have continued to pose human curiosity and fascination. The world repose for the highest number of body piercings is one of the most volatile since it is constantly adjusting as each prickled being attempts to trump out the previous one. In 2002, Nathan Robitaille, 23, had 420 needles stuck into his arms, thus breaking the previous world record of 301 piercings.

The Flat Tax :: essays research papers

Taxation has al slipway been a major controversy. conscionable like any major corporation, the government is constantly looking to plagiarize revenue. The easiest and fairest way to do this is by imposeing the people. However, how the people forget be evaluateed is always an issue. The modern tax income revenue schema that the United States uses contains several flaws. start of all, it is very complex. It is comprised of many various variables that can create loopholes. These loopholes can ready two equal income families to be paying very different tax rates. In fact, there are 480 different types of tax forms (Website). The current tax system is also very unfair for the wealthy. Because it is a progressive tax, it is higher(prenominal) for people who have higher incomes. People should not be penalise for being successful. If a tied(p) tax policy were instituted, wherefore it would simplify the complicated tax system, create fairness within the economy, and promote a d esire to thrive financially. The flat tax would simplify the tax system because instead of filling out a variety of complicated forms, a soul would only need to tell the IRS how much money they make, then give the percent of that amount. This would dissolve all of the loopholes that exist within the current system. It would cut back on the opportunities for unethical people to cheat. If the flat tax system were taken, taxpayers would save 94% in compliance costs (Website). The flat tax will make taxes fair for all people. No payoff what race a person is, what social class a person is in, or who theyre friends with, they will end up paying the said(prenominal) rate. Every single taxpayer will have to sacrifice just as much of his or her life as the next person lot the road. One of the three main reasons for taxes is to maintain fairness. This is most reasonable ways to maintain fairness. The wealthy will still be paying more money than the poor person, but they both have the sam e tax burden.Because all economic brackets are taxed equally under a flat tax, earning more money is no longer discouraged. Because there are no more marginal tax rates, people will have fillip to work more without worrying that the extra money they make will be taxed higher. It is said that the economy would grow by 5.

The Grapes of Wrath: No One Man, But One Common Soul :: Grapes Wrath essays

The Grapes of Wrath No star Man, But One Common Soul Many writers in American literature try to instill the philosophical systemof their choosing into their reader. This is a lot a philosophy derived atfrom their own personal experiences. John Steinbeck is no exception tothis. When traveling through his native atomic number 20n in the mid-1930s,Steinbeck witnessed pile living in appalling conditions of extremepoverty due to the Great Depression and the country disaster known asthe Dust Bowl. He noticed that these people received no aid whatsoeverfrom neither the state of California nor the federal government. The ragehe experienced from seeing such word fueled his fiction The Grapes ofWrath. Steinbeck sought to change the suffering plight of these farmerswho had migrated from the midwestern United States to California. Also, and moreimportantly, he wanted to suggest a philosophy into the reader, and take carethat this suffering would never occur again (Critical 1). Steinbe ck showsin The Grapes of Wrath that on that point is no one humanity, but one ballpark soul inwhich we all belong to. The subject of Steinbecks fiction is not the most thoughtful,imaginative, and constructive aspects of humanity, but rather the processof life itself (Wilson 785). Steinbeck has been compared to a twentieth coulomb Charles Dickens of California a social critic with more cerebrationthan science or system. His writing is warm, human, inconsistent,occasionally angry, but more often delighted with the joys associated withhuman life on its lowest levels (Holman 20). This biological examine of mancreates techniques and aspects of form capable of conveying this image ofman with sensuous power and conviction the power to overcome adversitythrough collectiveness, or in this case, as one combined soul(Curley 224). Steinbecks basic purpose of the novel is essentially ghostlike,but not in any orthodox sentiency of the word. He is religious in that hecontemplates mans rela tion to the cosmos and attempts to fleetscientific explanations based on sense experience. He is also religious inthat he explicitly attests the holiness of nature (Curley 220). A commonfear during the nineteenth century was one of this naturalism leading tothe hold on of reverence, worship, and sentiment. Steinbeck, however, is thefirst significant author to build his own set of beliefs, which some wouldrefer to as a religion, upon a naturalistic basis. Because of his religious way on a naturalistic basis, he is able to relate man with anatural soul that they own, and combine them into a grouping of a larger,more important soul (220). America and American literature was founded on the spirit of

Jack Kerouac Essay -- Writer Author Jack Kerouac Biography Essays

Jack KerouacIn the beginning Jack Kerouac lived a wild and evoke life out font the realm ofeveryday normal American life. though On the Road and The Dharma Bums were Kerouacs still commercial sucesses, he was a macrocosm who changed American literature and pop-culture. Kerouac virtu totallyy created a life-style devoted to life, art, literature, music, and poetry. When his doing grew out of his control, he came to despise it, and died lonely on the other side of what he once loved and cherished above all else. But, on the way he created a style of writing which combined elements of all the great writers, with speed, common language, real people, and the reality of his life. In a earth junior high shoal he began to read feverishly. In side of meat classes heflourished, but socially he did non. Impressed deeply by Mark Twain and Jack London,Kerouac created his own imaginary world, which he save in hand-written newspapers. These led to his first novel Jack Kerouac Explores the Merrimack,which he wrote in a notebook at the age of twelve (Clark, 22).Skipping classes at Lowell risque School, in Lowell Massachusetts, Kerouac wasexposed to the work of Thomas Wolfe by a broncobuster student Sammy Sampas. They encouraged writing in each other, and Kerouac began writing seriously. Since the Kerouacs could not afford college, a local priest suggested he try for a football scholarship (Clark, 32). He was offered two one from Colombia University and the other from capital of Massachusetts College. Kerouac opted for Columbia and first spent one year, by the request of the university, at the Horace Mann School for Boys. Here he didnt fit in with the rich prep-school crowd, but he was exposed to Hemmingway (Clark, 37). Here, also, in a school progeny his work was first printed (Clark, 39).After two years of school at Columbia Kerouac made a decision that would change his life. He everlastingly believed he learned more outside of the classroom than in and so after a series of arguments with his coach, he quit the team. Not tenacious after he dropped out of school as well. He served in brief in the navy, and drinking heavily, was discharged on psychiatric grounds(Clark, 52). Upon his return collection plate he got a job with as a Merchant Marine. When he wasnt working he spent his time with Allen Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, William S. Burroughs, and Neal Cass... ...ectric...). Kerouac, though, was a conservative at heart andavoided the psychedelic medicine movement (Clark, 193). This eventually to Kerouac being hate by even those whos careers he began, and lives he had changed. In one meetingone of the Merry Pranksters had covered a couch with a flag. Ginsberg watched Kerouac belatedly fold it up and marveled good-for-nothingly... history was... out of Jacks hands now, (Clark,201).Neal Cassady died of a drug overdose in Mexico in 1968. Not long after, JackKerouac died of an type AB hemorrhage and cirrhosis of the liver, he had literallydrunk himself to death. He was only 47. He died a lonely death. A sad ending to the sadwriter who gave so much of himself in his belief that writing was his job on earth.Works CitedClark, Tom. Jack Kerouac A Biography. Paragon House.Jack Kerouac. 3 Oct.1998 <http//www.charm.net/brooklyn/People/JackKerouac.html>Kerouac, Jack. Big Sur. tender York Viking Press, 1959. --- The Dharma Bums. New York Viking Press, 1958.--- On the Road. New York Viking Press, 1957.Wolfe, Tom. The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. New York Bantam Books, 1968.

Contrasting Outlooks in Dream of the Rood and The Wanderer Essay

Differing Outlooks in Dream of the Rood and The Wanderer Outlook defines our experience of reality. The characters in Dream of the Rood and The Wanderer maintain opposed perspectives that greatly order the way they view their common state of desolation. The dreamer and the fool in Dream of the Rood embrace a religious political theory that gives them hope, whereas the earth-walker in The Wanderer embraces an existential view that leaves him to suffer his loneliness. The characters differing outlooks greatly influence how they view their oust, their ultimate destination, and the journey to this destination, their homecoming. The characters of both works face exile the dreamers friends have gone hence from the delights of the world, the Cross is taken from its stump, and the wanderer is removed from dear kinsmen (Rood 20-1 Wanderer 69). This exile saddens all of the characters the dreamer is all disconcert with sorrows, the Cross is sore afflicted with griefs, and the earth -walker is wretched with care (Rood 19-20 Wanderer 69). slice the characters face similar desolation and melancholy, however, they differ greatly in their reactions. in the first place the dreamer approached the Cross he was dispirited, but upon hearing t... ...dle Ages, pp. 1-26 The Dream of the Rood, The Wanderer, (700/900), quintette Old English Riddles (pp. 150-51), translated from Old English Dockray-Miller, Mary. The Feminized Cross of The Dream of the Rood. philological Quarterly 76 (1997) 1-18. Finnegan, Robert Emmett, The Gospel of Nicodemus and The Dream of the Rood, 148b-156. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 84 (1983) 338-43. The Wanderer. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. in the buff York W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. 68-70. Woolf, Rosemary. Doctrinal Influences on The Dream of the Rood. MAE 28 (1958) 137-53.